Marlon S.L. Tijink, Maarten Wester, Junfen Sun, Anno Saris, Lydia A.M. Bolhuis-Versteeg, Saiful Saiful, Jaap A. Joles, Zandrie Borneman, Matthias Wessling, Dimitris F. Stamatialis
Hemodialysis is a commonly used blood purification technique in patients requiring kidney replacement therapy. Sorbents could increase uremic retention solute removal efficiency but, because of poor biocompatibility, their use is often limited to the treatment of patients with acute poisoning. This paper proposes a novel membrane concept for combining diffusion and adsorption of uremic retention solutes in one step: the so-called mixed-matrix membrane (MMM). In this concept, adsorptive particles are incorporated in a macro-porous membrane layer whereas an extra particle-free membrane layer is introduced on the blood-contacting side of the membrane to improve hemocompatibility and prevent particle release. These dual-layer mixed-matrix membranes have high clean-water permeance and high creatinine adsorption from creatinine model solutions. In human plasma, the removal of creatinine and of the protein-bound solute para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) by single and dual-layer membranes is in agreement with the removal achieved by the activated carbon particles alone, showing that under these experimental conditions the accessibility of the particles in the MMM is excellent. This study proves that the combination of diffusion and adsorption in a single step is possible and paves the way for the development of more efficient blood purification devices, excellently combining the advantages of both techniques. © 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine MIRA, Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, 7500 AE Enschede, P.O. Box 217, Netherlands; Membrane Technology Group, University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, 7500 AE Enschede, P.O. Box 217, Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Netherlands; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, North People Rd. 2999, China; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Math and Natural Science, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52064 Aachen, Turmstrasse 46, Germany
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