Wahyu Meka, Orchidea Rachmaniah, Rijalul Mulhim Al-Mauhub, Nathanael Abishai Widiraga, Ratri Safira Tirta Afida, Patricia Evangeline Toqueville Purba, Latifa Hanum Lalasari, Anugerah Dany Priyanto, Henni Vanda, Mahardika Fahrudin Rois, Yulia Fitri, Salman Masoudi Soltani
This study investigated the combined effects of electroporation and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) on the characteristics of liquid smoke produced from empty fruit bunches (EFBs). Ground EFBs were subjected to electroporation in an electroporation chamber at varying electric fields of 15 and 20 kV·cm−1 and subsequently pyrolysed at varying temperatures of 300°C and 400°C in a modified microwave oven connected to a condensation system. Electroporation significantly altered EFB structure, with higher electric fields (20 kV·cm−1) causing greater structural disruptions, as evidenced by reduced pore sizes. MAP of EFBs electroporated at 15 kV·cm−1 produced a higher liquid smoke yield, while severe electroporation (20 kV·cm−1) resulted in lower yields but higher antioxidant capacity and lower pH. This was attributed to improved chemical selectivity under high electric fields and phenolic enrichment. A proposed lignocellulose degradation mechanism outlined the roles of MAP temperature and electric fields in influencing chemical conversion pathways. These findings highlight the potential for optimising electroporation and MAP to enhance the valorisation of EFBs, providing a sustainable green approach for producing high-quality liquid smoke from agricultural waste. © 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Research Center for Advanced Material, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Science, and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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