Maya Fitria, Subhan Janura, Maulisa Oktiana, Yasmina Elma, Handika Rahayu, Hafidh Habibie, Rizki Novita, Rizkika Putri, Mikrajuz Sulthan
As a chronic infectious and non-communicable disease, dental caries also contributes to the global burden of oral disease. However, the assessments still rely on manual inspection and paper-based Decay, Missing, and Filling Teeth (DMF-T) documentation, which are inefficient in time, prone to error, and lead to incomplete documentation during busy clinical visits. Existing dental mobile applications, either commercially available or research-based applications, remain limited in features such as automated detection, DMF-T scoring, multi-angle teeth image capture, and graphical visualization of DMF-T index in the population. Thus, this research aims to bridge this gap by developing a mobile application for caries detection and visualization employing a Human-Centered Design approach, consisting of three main stages: Inspiration, Ideation, and Implementation. The approach emphasizes empathy, iterative design, and collaboration, which aims to fulfill user needs and address challenges by involving the dental professionals in each stage of development. The application was also integrated with a pre-trained deep learning model for automated detection. The usability testing was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively with twelve dentists for application assessment. The findings show that the System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 77 is categorized in Grade B, indicating good usability. Additionally, participants highlighted the proposed application reduced the burden of manual caries documentation. This study shows that implementing the HCD method in the process can produce a clinically meaningful tool with more usable designs, context-sensitive, and likely to be adopted in clinical practice for caries examination and documentation. ©2025 IEEE.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Dental and Oral, Regional General Hospital dr. Zainoel Abidin (RSUDZA), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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