M. Martunis, S. Zakaria, M.I. Sulaiman, A.A. Munawar
Coffee processing generates large amounts of agricultural waste, particularly from coffee peels, which remain underutilized despite their bioactive and aromatic potential. This study examined the chemical profiles, bioactive properties, and sensory characteristics of Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica coffee peels using ethanol (polar) and hexane (non-polar) solvents. Coffee peels from each species were collected from distinct regions in Aceh, Indonesia, then dried, ground, and extracted using ethanol and hexane. Volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with compounds matched against the NIST library (≥80% match). Extraction efficiency and bioactivity were statistically analyzed using Python and SPSS (p<0.05). GC-MS analyzed volatile compounds, with ethanol effectively extracting a broader range, especially from Robusta and Liberica, while hexane targeted non-polar compounds. Statistical analysis showed no significant extraction efficiency differences (p<0.05), suggesting solvent choice depends on target compounds. Bioactivity analysis revealed Liberica's high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, Robusta's strong antioxidant properties, and moderate bioactivity in Arabica. Sensory analysis highlighted Robusta’s sweet, fruity notes; Liberica’s earthy, woody traits; and Arabica’s mild herbal profile. These findings position coffee peels as valuable sources of bioactive and aromatic compounds, supporting sustainable production by reducing waste. © 2026 The Authors.
Doctoral of Agricultural Science Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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