Nazrul Syafiq Norman, Asmawi Abd Malik, Nurshahnawal Yaacob, Noor Faizah Che Harun, Syazwan Hanani Meriam Suhaimy, Irwan Nurdin, Asmalina Mohamed Saat, Nor Aliya Hamizi, Mohd Rafie Johan
Fire-retardant coating is an efficient way to protect and prevent material or substrate from fire, and the coating will be the first layer protecting the structure. Phosphate groups reported can improve the properties of flame retardants with higher char formation retention. Recently, aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) is mixed with polyester to improve the fire retardant properties related to internal reactions in fiberglass systems. However, no other publications have yet documented the use of aluminum phosphate in coatings for external fire protection. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the effects of aluminum phosphate used individually and in combination with commercial fire-retardant additives on thermal, structural, and fire-retardant performance. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and flame-retardant testing (UL-94) were conducted. The results indicate that aluminum phosphate increases the char layer in marine paint (MP). Mixing aluminum phosphate with a commercial fire-retardant additive in the sample containing 10 wt% ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 5 wt% aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and 5 wt% AlPO4 shows strong fire-retardant effectiveness along with good heat resistance and structural stability. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, Lumut Perak, Malaysia; Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical Engineering Technology, Taboh Naning Melaka, Malaysia; Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Muar, 84600, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe, 24301, Indonesia; Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation) Office, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Research at a Glance
Register to unlock
Topics & SDG Alignment
Register to unlock
Collaboration
Register to unlock
Author Profile (Selected)
Register to unlock
References Overview
Register to unlock
Journal & Source
Register to unlock
Metadata & Integrity
Register to unlock