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Linda Merin, Louis Jacob, Haitham Jahrami, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Krishnamurthy Jayanna, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Alelign Tasew Jema, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Jost B Jonas, Abel Joseph, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Nitin Joseph, Nithin Kumar, Prasanna Mithra, Rekha Thapar, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pavanchand H Shetty, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Ibraheem M Karaye, Patrick DMC Katoto, Jacques Lukenze JL Tamuzi, Harkiran Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Tibebeselassie S Keflie, Jessica A Kerr, Himanshu Khajuria, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Nauman Khalid, Taimoor Khan, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Masayuki Teramoto, Michael Zastrozhin, Yusra H Khan, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Yousef Moradi, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Oleksii Korzh, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Mohammed Kuddus, Almagul Kurmanova, Dian Kusuma, Kamaluddin Latief, Anders O Larsson, Sang-Woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Ming-Chieh Li, Chun-Han Lo, Rakesh Lodha, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, László Lorenzovici, Stefan Lorkowski, Farzan Madadizadeh, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Abdoljalal Marjani, Miquel Martorell, Elezebeth Mathews, Maryam Mazaheri, Rishi P Mediratta, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, George A Mensah, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomasz Miazgowski, G.K. 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Background: The six global nutrition targets (GNTs) related to low birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding, child growth (ie, wasting, stunting, and overweight), and anaemia among females of reproductive age were chosen by the World Health Assembly in 2012 as key indicators of maternal and child health, but there has yet to be a comprehensive report on progress for the period 2012 to 2021. We aimed to evaluate levels, trends, and observed-to-expected progress in prevalence and attributable burden from 2012 to 2021, with prevalence projections to 2050, in 204 countries and territories. Methods: The prevalence and attributable burden of each target indicator were estimated by age group, sex, and year in 204 countries and territories from 2012 to 2021 in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, the most comprehensive assessment of causes of death, disability, and risk factors to date. Country-specific relative performance to date was evaluated with a Bayesian meta-regression model that compares prevalence to expected values based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of societal development status. Target progress was forecasted from 2021 up to 2050 by modelling past trends with meta-regression using a combination of key quantities and then extrapolating future projections of those quantities. Findings: In 2021, a few countries had already met some of the GNTs: five for exclusive breastfeeding, four for stunting, 96 for child wasting, and three for child overweight, and none met the target for low birthweight or anaemia in females of reproductive age. Since 2012, the annualised rates of change (ARC) in the prevalence of child overweight increased in 201 countries and territories and ARC in the prevalence of anaemia in females of reproductive age decreased considerably in 26 countries. Between 2012 and 2021, SDI was strongly associated with indicator prevalence, apart from exclusive breastfeeding (|r-|=0·46–0·86). Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa had a decrease in the prevalence of multiple indicators that was more rapid than expected on the basis of SDI (the differences between observed and expected ARCs for child stunting and wasting were –0·5% and –1·3%, respectively). The ARC in the attributable burden of low birthweight, child stunting, and child wasting decreased faster than the ARC of the prevalence for each in most low-income and middle-income countries. In 2030, we project that 94 countries will meet one of the six targets, 21 countries will meet two targets, and 89 countries will not meet any targets. We project that seven countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, 28 for child stunting, and 101 for child wasting, and no countries will meet the targets for low birthweight, child overweight, and anaemia. In 2050, we project that seven additional countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, five for low birthweight, 96 for child stunting, nine for child wasting, and one for child overweight, and no countries are projected to meet the anaemia target. Interpretation: Based on current levels and past trends, few GNTs will be met by 2030. Major reductions in attributable burden for exclusive breastfeeding and anthropometric indicators should be recognised as huge scientific and policy successes, but the comparative lack of progress in reducing the prevalence of each, along with stagnant anaemia in women of reproductive age and widespread increases in child overweight, suggests a tenuous status quo. Continued investment in preventive and treatment efforts for acute childhood illness is crucial to prevent backsliding. Parallel development of effective treatments, along with commitment to multisectoral, long-term policies to address the determinants and causes of suboptimal nutrition, are sorely needed to gain ground. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine; Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Health System Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Health Promotion, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Reproductive Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative) (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal; Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative) (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Health Care Management Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Basic Science Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Puducherry, India; Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), São José dos Campos Technology Park, Brazil; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Shillong, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Health Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Nutrition, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Activity Planning and Control Unit, Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal; Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Townsville, QLD, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Paramedicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Research Group for Childhood Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy; Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, United States; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Czech National Centre for Evidence Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Czech National Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS -Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy; Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Physical and Medicine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; School of Pharmaceutical Management, IIHMR University, Jaipur, India; Department of Public Health, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India; Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Subjects, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Laboratório de Farmacognosia (LAQV), Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India; Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Biochemistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Department of Social Medicine and Family, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Division of Forensic Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Medical Microbiology, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of International Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda; Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Research Policy & Administration, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute, Encino, CA, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Technologies, Alnoor University, Mousl, Iraq; Al-Noor Center of Research and Innovation, Alnoor University, Mousl, Iraq; Data Mining Research Unit (DaMRA), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), Olbia, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Data Analytic Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Baylor University, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Neurology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceuticals, Bihar College of Pharmacy, Patna, India; Health Information Management, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Clinical and Biomedical Research Center, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, ICMSR, Islamabad, Pakistan; Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Family and Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, SRM University, Chennai, India; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States; Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemt, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridiski", Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Research and Development, Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queensland University of Technology, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Department of Zoology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic", Belgrade, Serbia; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States; National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States
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