Jorge R. Ledesma, Jianing Ma, Meixin Zhang, Ann V. L. Basting, Huong Thi Chu, Avina Vongpradith, Amanda Novotney, Kate E. LeGrand, Yvonne Yiru Xu, Xiaochen Dai, Sneha Ingle Nicholson, Lauryn K. Stafford, Austin Carter, Jennifer M. Ross, Hedayat Abbastabar, Meriem Abdoun, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Kishor Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Abel Afework, Shahin Aghamiri, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Haroon Ahmed, Mohammed Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal, Nazmul Alam, Mohammed Albashtawy, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Liaqat Ali, Zahid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Kasim Allel, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Reza Amani, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Jimoh Amzat, Jason R. Andrews, Abhishek Anil, Razique Anwer, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Damelash Areda, Anton A. Artamonov, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Mulusew A. Asemahagn, Sachin R. Atre, Avinash Aujayeb, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D. Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadorikhalili, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Biswajit Banik, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Zarrin Basharat, Pritish Baskaran, Saurav Basu, Maryam Beiranvand, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Makda Abate Belew, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Apostolos Beloukas, Paulo J. G. Bettencourt, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Vivek Bhat, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Boris Bikbov, Veera R. Bitra, Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A. Butt, Paulo Camargos, Yu Cao, Sinclair Carr, Felix Carvalho, Luca Cegolon, Muthia Cenderadewi, Muge Cevik, Yaacoub Chahine, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Patrick R. Ching, Hitesh Chopra, Eunice Chung, Mareli M. Claassens, Kaleb Coberly, Natália Cruz-Martins, Bashir Dabo, Sriharsha Dadana, Omid Dadras, Isaac Darban, Jiregna Darega Gela, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Mahmood Dashti, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Biniyam Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese, Kebede Deribe, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Sameer Dhingra, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Deepa Dongarwar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, John Dube, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Ferry Efendi, Diyan Ermawan Effendi, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Nopryan Ekadinata, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Muhammed Elhadi, Legesse Tesfaye Elilo, Theophilus I. Emeto, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Alireza Feizkhah, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Aravind P. Gandhi, Rupesh K. Gautam, Miglas W. Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan, Kazem Ghaffari, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Amador Goodridge, Anmol Goyal, Shi-Yang Guan, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Rashid Abdi Guled, Novianti Br Gultom, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Hailey Hagins, Semira Goitom Hailu, Wase Benti Hailu, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Harapan Harapan, Rumina Syeda Hasan, Shoaib Hassan, Johannes Haubold, Kamal Hezam, Sung Hwi Hong, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Belal Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S. Ikuta, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Md Rabiul Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Faisal Ismail, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Zubair Kabir, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Rami S. Kantar, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Navjot Kaur, Himanshu Khajuria, Faham Khamesipour, Yusra H. Khan, M. Nuruzzaman Khan, Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb, Khaled Khatab, Fatemeh Khatami, Min Seo Kim, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Nithin Kumar, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Iván Landires, Kamaluddin Latief, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Temesgen L. Lerango, Stephen S. Lim, Chaojie Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Platon D. Lopukhov, Hong Luo, Hengliang Lv, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Amir Ali Mahboobipour, Azeem Majeed, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik, Lesibana Anthony Malinga, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Aseer Manilal, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Roy Rillera Marzo, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Vasundhara Mathur, Richard James Maude, Ravi Mehrotra, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Muayad Aghali Merza, Tomislav Mestrovic, Laurette Mhlanga, Sanjeev Misra, Arup Kumar Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Hussen Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Catrin E. Moore, Parsa Mousavi, Francesk Mulita, Fungai Musaigwa, Raman Muthusamy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Sanjeev Nair, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Zuhair S. Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Hadush Negash, Dang H. Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O. Obamiro, Ismail A. Odetokun, Daniel Bogale Odo Odo, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, In-Hwan Oh, Chukwuma O. Okereke, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Eyal Oren, Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Amel Ouyahia, P.A. Mahesh Padukudru, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R. Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Minjin Peng, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, João Perdigão, Norberto Perico, Hoang Tran Pham, Maarten J. Postma, Attur Ravindra Attur Prabhu, Manya Prasad, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Fakher Rahim, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Masoud Rahmati, Sathish Rajaa, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Sowmya J. Rao, Deepthi Rapaka, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Nakul Ravikumar, Salman Rawaf, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Luis Felipe Reyes, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Omid Rezahosseini, Mónica Rodrigues, Priyanka Roy, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sher Zaman Safi, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Nasir Salam, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Samreen Saleem, Mohamed A. Saleh, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sara Samadzadeh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Aswini Saravanan, Susan M. Sawyer, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Sabyasachi Senapati, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Pritik A. Shah, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohd Shanawaz, Medha Sharath, Samendra P. Sherchan, Ranjitha S. Shetty, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Aminu Shittu, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, João Pedro Silva, Surjit Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Siswanto Siswanto, Ranjan Solanki, Yonatan Solomon, Joan B. Soriano, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Chandan Kumar Swain, Takahiro Tabuchi, Mircea Tampa, Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi, Nathan Y. Tat, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Gebrehiwot Teklay, Edosa Geta Tesfaye, Belay Tessema, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rekha Thapar, Chern Choong Chern Thum, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Imad M. Tleyjeh, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Temesgen Mohammed Toma, Khai Hoan Tram, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Tungki Pratama Umar, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Job F. M. van Boven, Shoban Babu Varthya, Ziyue Wang, Muktar S. A. Warsame, Ronny Westerman, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sajad Yaghoubi, Siyan Yi, Vahit Yigit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Fathiah Zakham, Moein Zangiabadian, Francis Zeukeng, Haijun Zhang, Yang Zhao, Peng Zheng, Magdalena Zielinska, Joshua A. Salomon, Robert C. Reiner, Mohsen Naghavi, Theo Vos, Simon I. Hay, Christopher J. L. Murray, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis for 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal; Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tracheal Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Greece, Patras, Greece; Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Asian University for Women, McGill University, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of SWAT, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Medicine Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc., Saint Paul, MN, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; NanoElectronics and Photonics Systems (MEPHOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States; Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth deemed to be University, Karad, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Scientific-Tools.org, Bergamo, Italy; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Roma, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred), Roma, Italy; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, Trieste, Italy; The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Townsville, QLD, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Department of Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Gandra, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States; Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Orthodontics Department, Georgia School of Orthodontics, Atlanta, GA, United States; USAID-JSI, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex, Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of GI Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka State, Mangalore, India; Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan; School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul, Indonesia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University), Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas, Servicios de Alta Tecnología (Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology), City of Knowledge, Panama; Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Claim and Utilization Management, Social Security Administrative Body for Health, Central Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Clinical Laboratory, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Center for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's Aurora Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Urology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Health Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of General Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Epidemiology Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; India Cancer Research Consortium, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; Department of Community Medicine, MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, India; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Epidemiology Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Infection Control, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China; The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; School of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal, India; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana, Chia, Colombia; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Nursing Department, Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (President Antônio Carlos University), Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Department, Healthcare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Environmental Health Sciences Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (French Part); Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (Princess University Hospital), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Department of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Department of Analytical, Applied Economics Department, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain; China Centre for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Amref Health Africa, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
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