Liam A. Trethowan, Fabian Brambach, Rodrigo Cámara-Leret, Yves Laumonier, Douglas Sheil, J.W. Ferry Slik, Campbell O. Webb, Agustinus Murdjoko, Meredith L. Bastian, Kuswata Kartawinata, Asryaf Mansor, Muhammad Mansur, Edi Mirmanto, Eddy Nurtjahya, Andrea Permana, Andes H. Rozak, Peter Wilkie, Zakaria Rahmad, Deby Arifiani, I. Putu Gede P. Damayanto, Carmen Puglisi, Rani Asmarayani, Nithanel M. H. Benu, Gemma L. C. Bramley, Wira Dharma, Charlie D. Heatubun, Arief Hidayat, Relawan Kuswandi, Sarah Mathews, Megawati, Himmah Rustiami, Yessi Santika, Wahyudi Santoso, Endro Setiawan, Teguh Triono, Kalvin Wambrauw, Jimmy F. Wanma, Acun Hery Yanto, Mustaid Siregar, Asep Sadili, Tika Dewi Atikah, Endang Kintamani, Aiyen Tjoa, Heike Culmsee, Deden Girmansyah, Hendra Gunawan, Ramadanil Pitopang, Timothy M. A. Utteridge, Robert Morley, Julian Schrader, Francis Q. Brearley
Tropical forests occupy small coral atolls to the vast Amazon basin. They occur across bioregions with different geological and climatic history. Differences in area and bioregional history shape species immigration, extinction and diversification. How this effects local diversity is unclear. The Indonesian archipelago hosts thousands of tree species whose coexistence should depend upon these factors. Using a novel dataset of 215 Indonesian forest plots, across fifteen islands ranging in area from 120 to 785 000 km2, we apply Gaussian mixed effects models to examine the simultaneous effects of environment, earthquake proximity, island area and bioregion upon tree diversity for trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height. We find that tree diversity declines with precipitation seasonality and increases with island area. Accounting for the effects of environment and island area we show that the westernmost bioregion Sunda has greater local diversity than Wallacea, which in turn has greater local diversity than easternmost Sahul. However, when the model includes geological activity (here proximity to major earthquakes), bioregion differences are reduced. Overall, results indicate that multi-scale, current and historic effects dictate tree diversity. These multi-scale drivers should not be ignored when studying biodiversity gradients and their impacts upon ecosystem function. © 2024 The Authors. Ecography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos.
Herbarium Kew, London, United Kingdom; Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Gunung Batu, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam; University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, AK, United States; Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Papua Barat, Manokwari, Indonesia; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, United States; Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia; Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Bangka, Indonesia; Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MS, United States; Balai Penerapan Standar Instrumen Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Manokwari, Manokwari, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia; Research and Development Agency, Manokwari, Indonesia; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Directorate of Scientific Collection Management, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Palung, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia; Wilmar Business Indonesia Polytechnic, Medan, Indonesia; Reboisasi Eden Papua, Sorong, Indonesia; Sustainability and Conservation Department, PT. Mayangkara Tanaman Industri, West Kalimantan, Indonesia; Agriculture Faculty of Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia; University of Göttingen, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia; Singapore Botanic Garden, Singapore, Singapore; Palynova Ltd, Littleport, United Kingdom; Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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