Muhammad Fauzi, Eldina Fatimah, Mohamad Hidayat Jamal, Qurratul ‘Aini Benti Nasaiy, Vira Mawaddah
In the last decade, marine structures have impacted biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. As a mitigation effort, artificial coral reef structures have been designed to dissipate wave energy through turbulence, creating microhabitats that attract marine organisms to interact and thrive. A biomimetic design adopted from coral reefs, called porous pile cone breakwater (PPCB), has been introduced, combining a porous pile with a conical pile head (CPH). Breakwater piles and CPHs have proven effective in protecting shorelines and maintaining water quality for marine life. The CPH design reduces wave energy and velocity, enhancing the abundance of marine life. This study investigated wave velocity (Vx) characteristics around PPCBs using the mesoscopic Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) within a CFD application. Three-dimensional fluid motion was modeled for Series-1 (emerged type) and Series-2 (submerged type) with porosity p=0.4, wave steepness 0.058–0.068 in a 30m wide numerical basin. Both configurations reduced Vx in the structure area by over 90%, with the submerged PPCB achieving up to 11.3% greater reduction and maintaining 80–88% lower Vx behind the structure. These findings indicate the submerged PPCB offers superior shoreline protection, while both designs maintain maximum velocity and Froude Number values suitable for sustaining coastal ecosystems. © 2026, Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Syiah Kuala University, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
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