Bunyamin Bunyamin, Herwandi Herwandi, Heru Pramanda, Reza Pahlevi Munirwan, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Nizam Albar
The production of high-strength concrete requires a substantial amount of cement and contributes significantly to increased CO₂ emissions; therefore, the utilization of biogenic waste as a partial cement replacement material represents a sustainable approach. Oyster shell waste calcined at 800 °C produces Waste Oyster Shell (WOS) with a high CaO content, which suggests its potential contribution to cementitious systems primarily through physical and microstructural effects rather than as a fully pozzolanic material. Although several studies have reported improvements in concrete compressive strength with 10 % WOS substitution at 28 days, comprehensive investigations on high-strength concrete, particularly at early ages and in relation to mixture proportioning and performance trends, remain limited. This study evaluates the effect of WOS substitution on the compressive strength of high-strength concrete at curing ages of 14 and 28 days and examines the influence of water demand and superplasticizer dosage based on slump flow characteristics using the ACI 211.4R-93 method, with a target compressive strength of f'c = 62.00 MPa. The experimental variables included WOS substitution levels of 0 % and 10 %, as well as water addition levels of 0 %, 7.5 %, and 15 %. Cylindrical specimens measuring 10 cm × 20 cm were prepared in eight mix variations, each consisting of three samples. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through Design-Expert software to analyze performance trends and interpolate the influence of mixture parameters. The RSM results indicate that a statistically interpolated maximum compressive strength of 70.09 MPa was achieved at 28 days with a WOS content of 9.40 % and a slump flow of 56.65 cm. This value represents a mathematical interpolation within the tested 0–10 % substitution range and does not imply an absolute optimum, indicating that concrete performance tends to improve toward the upper limit of the investigated WOS content. Concrete incorporating 10 % WOS achieved a maximum compressive strength of 67.53 MPa, which is higher than that of the control concrete at 64.06 MPa. The novelty of this study lies in the integrated evaluation of early-age and later-age compressive strength of WOS-based high-strength concrete using a statistical linear trend analysis approach based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). These findings confirm the potential of WOS as an effective micro-filler and partial cement replacement material for the development of more sustainable high-strength concrete. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Iskandar Muda, Banda Aceh, 23234, Indonesia; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jln. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf, No. 7, Banda Aceh, Darussalam, 23111, Indonesia; Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia; Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia
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