Muhammad Haikal Razi, Zahratunnisa
The North Jakarta Estuary is an urban estuarine system where riverine–marine interactions promote the retention of suspended sediments and potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This study aims to evaluate the geochemical characteristics, contamination levels, and ecological risks of PTEs using an integrated multi-index framework. Secondary monitoring data from ten estuarine stations covering eight PTEs were analyzed across wet and dry monsoon seasons using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), and biological effect–based evaluation. The results showed that the average PTE concentrations followed the order Zn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu > Cd > Hg > As, with several elements increasing during the dry monsoon season. Igeo values revealed distinct contamination patterns, with Hg consistently classified as moderately to strongly polluted, while Cd and Zn showed notable enrichment. Although PLI values remained below the contamination threshold, approximately 70% of the stations showed increased PLI values during the dry monsoon season, reflecting enhanced accumulation under reduced sediment dispersion. Ecological risk assessment (Er) identified Hg and Cd as the dominant contributors, exhibiting high to very high ecological risk levels, while the PERI indicated substantial to very high ecological risk (>600) at multiple locations. Biological effect–based indicators suggest a low to moderate probability of immediate adverse effects; however, persistent contamination may pose long-term ecological stress. These findings represent the seasonally integrated and multi-index assessment of PTE risks and underscore the need for risk-based management in North Jakarta estuarine environments. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd.
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technologies, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST B.J. Habibie, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, West Java, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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