W.M. Gardner, C. Razo, T.A. McHugh, H. Hagins, V.M. Vilchis-Tella, C. Hennessy, H.J. Taylor, N. Perumal, K. Fuller, K.M. Cercy, L.Z. Zoeckler, C.S. Chen, S.S. Lim, A.Y. Aravkin, M.B. Arndt, J.D. Bishai, K. Burkart, E. Chung, X. Dai, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, S.D. Dharmaratne, M.A. Dirac, S.B. Ewald, R. Fitzgerald, M. Hassen, T. Mestrovic, A.H. Mokdad, H. Nassereldine, B.V. Pickering, R.J.D. Sorensen, J.D. Stanaway, P. Zheng, S.I. Hay, C.J.L. Murray, N.J. Kassebaum, A. Misganaw, A. Aali, M. Ghasemi Nour, A. Sahebkar, K.H. Abate, U. Gerema, A.T.T. Gizaw, S. Abd-Elsalam, A.M. Abdurehman, D.B. Enyew, B. Gebremichael, A.D. Kebede, H.A. Meresa, F. Weldegebreal, G. Abebe, Y.D. Abtew, T.K. Kanko, F.W. Demisse, B.T. Dora, E. Yisihak, S. Demissie, Y.H. Gebremariam, G.A. Wubetie, M. Woldemariam, H. Abidi, M. Zoladl, R.G. Aboagye, R.K. Alhassan, M. Immurana, H. Amu, E.E. Tarkang, H. Abolhassani, S. Alvand, S. Azadnajafabad, M. Azangou-Khyavy, S. Ghamari, M. Keykhaei, S. Momtazmanesh, S. Rahmani, M. Rashidi, N. Rezaei, K. Hosseini, E. Mahmoudi, S. Rashedi, F. Kompani, E. Malakan Rad, S. Masoudi, A. Sima, A. Nowroozi, M. Shafeghat, P. Shobeiri, F. Yazdanpanah, G.B. Aboye, M.M.K. Accrombessi, S. Shivalli, D.E. Adane, T.D. Adane, P. Vart, I.Y. Addo, V.R. Keshri, X. Xu, M.A. Adesina, I.I. Olufadewa, M. Ekholuenetale, A.F. Fagbamigbe, K.R. Fowobaje, S.E. Ibitoye, O.S. Ilesanmi, M.O. Owolabi, D.A. Adeyinka, Q.E.S. Adnani, M.S. Afzal, I. Ullah, N. Khalid, S. Afzal, R. Agustina, B.O. Ahinkorah, A. Ahmad, G. Mustafa, S. Ahmad, S. Ahmadi, M. Ajami, S. Doaei, M. Gholamalizadeh, E. Jamshidi, S. Sabour, M. Taheri, M. Zahir, A. Ahmed, T. Ahmed Rashid, W. Aiman, H. Akbarialiabad, A. Bashiri, Z. Zareshahrabadi, F. Alahdab, Z. Al-Aly, N. Alam, A. Alemayehu, M. Ali, S. Almustanyir, R.M. Al-Raddadi, Z.S. Natto, R.H. Al-Rifai, I. Elbarazi, M.A. Khan, K.A. Altirkawi, M. Temsah, Y.S.A. Amer, G.M.T. ElGohary, N. Alvis-Guzman, E.K. Ameyaw, T.F. Anagaw, M.B. Asresie, A.A. Awoke, D.G. Demsie, A.Y. Berhie, G.W. Dagnew, H.A. Guadie, R. Ancuceanu, M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, I. Negoi, R.I. Negoi, A. Anoushirvani, S. Tabaeian, J. Arabloo, M. Dodangeh, D. Moosavi, A. Kabir, M. Noori, A. Tiyuri, M. Antwi, D. Anvari, S. Shorofi, H. Ariffin, T. Aripov, A.O. Oladunjoye, A. Arja, S.M. Legesse, B. Wagaye, J. Arulappan, R.T. Aruleba, T. Ashraf, A.A. Baig, A. Hanif, S. Athari, D. Atlaw, A. Aujayeb, M.A. Awoke, R. Holla, M.D. Janodia, M. Rahman, C.R. Rao, A. Badawi, Z.A. Bhutta, A.D. Badiye, N. Baghcheghi, N. Bagheri, S. Bagherieh, A. Fatehizadeh, M. Banach, P.C. Banik, A.T. Bantie, R.D. Barr, O.P. Kurmi, A.T. Olagunju, A. Barrow, S. Basu, A.M. Batiha, T. Begum, M. Moni, S.M. Billah, S.J. Hossain, M. Siraj, M. Tariqujjaman, M.A. Belete, F.M. Hussien, L. Belo, N. Cruz-Martins, I.M. Bensenor, A.C. Goulart, I.S. Santos, A.S. Bhagavathula, N. Bhardwaj, P. Bhardwaj, S. Misra, S. Singh, S.B. Varthya, A.N. Bhat, A. Boloor, H.L. Dsouza, J. Padubidri, B.K. Shetty, P.H. Shetty, N. Joseph, N. Kumar, R. Thapar, A. Shetty, B. Unnikrishnan, J.K. Das, Z.S. Lassi, B. Bikbov, S. Islam, H. Kandel, K. Nuruzzaman, S. Birara, S. Bitaraf, S. Sadeghian, J.S. Botelho, D. Calina, F. Cembranel, P.A. Chakraborty, G.S. Chanie, G. Dessie, M. Diress, Y. Gela, H.B. Eshetu, M.M. Sharew, W. Simegn, V. Chattu, J. Chien, I.S. Chukwu, M.H. Criqui, O. Dadras, H.A. Danawi, H. Kaur, A. Pandey, V.K. Kamal, A.M. Darwesh, M. Hosseinzadeh, A. Omar Bali, S. Das, V. De La Cruz-Góngora, F. Mejia-Rodriguez, H.D. Desai, M. Desalegn, B.R. Feyisa, G. Fekadu, F.N. Dessalegn, M. Dhimal, U. Paudel, S. Dhingra, D. Diaz, M. Didehdar, M. Golitaleb, M. Harorani, P.N. Doku, D. Dongarwar, H.A. Edinur, A.E.M. Elagali, M.A. Elbahnasawy, A.I. Hasaballah, A.M. Samy, M. Elhadi, W. El-Huneidi, B. Saddik, M.A. Elmonem, R. Ezzeddini, A. Mosapour, L. Zaki, S. Gaihre, A.O. Fasanmi, P. Ram, P.S. Suchdev, M.F. Young, J. Huang, F. Fischer, M. Foroutan, M.A. Gadanya, A.M. Gaidhane, Z. Quazi Syed, A. Gaipov, Y. Galali, D.K. Mohammad, N. Galehdar, P. Garg, M. Mirza, P. Singh, M. Verma, T. Garg, K.B. Gebremedhin, Z. Tamir, L. Getacher, G.B. Mulu, S.S. Yehualashet, K. Ghaffari, M. Ghafourifard, H. Hassankhani, M. Hosseini, A. Mahmoodpoor, M. Mirghafourvand, M. Rahimi, A. Ghashghaee, R. Kalhor, S. Ghozy, J.C. Glasbey, M. Golechha, P. Goleij, G.G. Goyomsa, M.I.M. Gubari, Z. Gudisa, D.A. Gunawardane, R. Gupta, I. Yunusa, S. Gupta, V.K. Gupta, A. Guta, Y. Solomon, A.A. Umer, P. Habibzadeh, S. Hamidi, A.J. Handal, M. Hannan, H. Harapan, M. Hasan, H. Hasani, K. Hayat, G. Heidari, S.Y. Hess, D.Z. Heyi, K. Hezam, Y. Hiraike, L.G. Vu, S. Hussain, I.M. Ilic, L.R. Inbaraj, N. Ismail, L.J. Bds, G. Kumar, D.K. Lal, U. Jayarajah, S. Jayaram, R. Jebai, B. Jemal, T. Muche, B. Seboka, G.A. Zenebe, A. Jeyakumar, R.P. Jha, J.B. Jonas, J.J. Jozwiak, L.R. Kalankesh, I.M. Karaye, F.Z. Kashoo, P.D. Katoto, J.H. Kauppila, A. Pathak, G.A. Kayode, Y.S. Khader, H. Khajuria, B.P. Nayak, M. Shannawaz, M. Khammarnia, H. Okati-Aliabad, I.A. Khan, K. Khatab, Z. Khazaei, M. Taheri Soodejani, J. Khubchandani, Y. Kim, R.W. Kimokoti, S. Kisa, S. Kosen, S. Koulmane Laxminarayana, K. Krishan, B. Kuate Defo, M. Kuddus, O. Kuti, I. Landires, A.O. Larsson, K. Latief, A. Laxmaiah, C. Ledda, M. Vacante, M. Veroux, S. Lee, X. Liu, I. Qattea, S. Sankararaman, L. Lorenzovici, V.S. Machado, J. Mendes, P.B. Mahajan, S. Mahjoub, T. Mallhi, D.C. Malta, S. Masoumi, J.C. Medina, W. Mendoza, O. Mendoza-Cano, A.A. Mentis, T. Miazgowski, A. Mirica, I. Petcu, S. Mohammadi, S. Mohammed, M.B. Sufiyan, S. Mohan, M. Shanawaz, N. Moka, L. Monasta, E. Mostafavi, F. Mulita, A. Musina, A.J. Nagarajan, T.S. Nair, S. Narasimha Swamy, P.M.S. Pradhan, S. Naz, R.Z. Raza, G. Nguefack-Tsague, J.W. Ngunjiri, R.K. Niazi, D. Nurrika, O.J. Nzoputam, B. Oancea, R.M. Obaidur, M.S. Obsa, Y. Sisay, J.N. Odhiambo, R.E. Ogunsakin, O.C. Okonji, O.O. Oladunjoye, A.E.E. Omonisi, A. Ortiz, R. Pakzad, T. Palicz, A. Pandya, P. Papadopoulou, S. Pardhan, J. Patel, A.R. Pathan, R. Paudel, S. Pawar, G. Pereira, N. Perico, G. Remuzzi, S. Perna, N. Perumalsamy, Z.Z. Piracha, R.C.G. Pollok, A. Prashant, F. Rahim, A. Rahman, A. Rahmani, R. Rai, I. Raimondo, S. Rajaa, J. Rana, M.A. Ranjha, S. Rao, S. Rawaf, L. Rawal, E.M.M. Redwan, M. Rezaei, T. Richards, J. Rickard, J.A.B. Rodriguez, L. Roever, G. Roshandel, A. Tahamtan, B. Roy, G.M. Rwegerera, A.M.A. Saad, M. Sadeghi, U. Saeed, H. Sahoo, M.R. Salem, R. Santoro, M. Satpathy, G. Saya, A.M. Senbeta, S. Senthilkumaran, A. Seylani, P.A. Shah, M.A. Shaikh, P. Sharma, R. Sheikhi, S.M. Shenoy, J.K. Shetty, J. Shin, V. Shivarov, M.K. Sikder, D. Vervoort, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, A.A. Skryabina, Y. Song, S. Sultana, M.D. Szeto, K. Tan, N.Y. Tat, Y.M. Tefera, A. Thiyagarajan, J.H.V. Ticoalu, B.M. Tigabu, R. Tobe-Gai, M.R. Tovani-Palone, M.T.N. Tran, B.S. Tusa, S. Valadan Tahbaz, P.R. Valdez, S. Vaziri, K. Yari, N.D. Wickramasinghe, T.E. Wonde, A. Yigit, V. Yiǧit, D. Yon, N. Yonemoto, C. Yu, Z. Zhang, B.A. Zaman, N. Zamora, I. Zare, M. Moradi
Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Health System Effectiveness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin, Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Nutrition, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Human Nutrition Research Center, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Neurology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Quality Management Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Alexandria Center for Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong; Department of Health Promotion, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Medicine Critical Care, Boston, MA, United States; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Knowledge Translation Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Anesthesiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia; Academics Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Biological Sciences Department, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Scientific Tools, Bergamo, Italy; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Egas Moniz), Almada, Portugal; Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Biochemistry Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e. Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal; Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Research Division, Gurugram, India; Department of Research, Gurugram, India; Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Microbiology Department, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria; Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; Food Technology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Surgical Technology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Public Health Department, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Anesthesia, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Midwifery, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Micronutrient Forum, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Surgery, National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Human Nutrition, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Food Evolution Research Laboratory, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Jakarta, Indonesia; Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Children's Fund, Accra, Ghana; Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India; Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical- Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mure, Tirgu Mures, Romania; Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center) Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru; Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India; Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania; Second Surgical Unit, Regional Institute of Oncology Iasi, Iasi, Romania; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Public Health Department, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Higher Education Service Institutions LL-DIKTI Region IV, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Bandung, Indonesia; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Management Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Parul Institute of Public Health, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree - The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India; Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakir, Bahrain; Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India; Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; Data Mining Research Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research and Innovation Division, South Asian Institute for Social Transformation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Surgery Division, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Health Information Management, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States; Daccude, Todi, Italy; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant, HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medical Oncology, Kent Hospital, Warwick, RI, United States; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridiski", Sofia, Bulgaria; Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Maternal and Child Health Division, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Modestum, Eastbourne, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Medical College of La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research at a Glance
Register to unlock
Topics & SDG Alignment
Register to unlock
Collaboration
Register to unlock
Author Profile (Selected)
Register to unlock
References Overview
Register to unlock
Journal & Source
Register to unlock
Metadata & Integrity
Register to unlock