D. Darmadi, Aula Chairunnisak, Mirna Rahmah Lubis, Rini Lailatul Kadri, Riska Maulida, Raudhatul Azkia
Heavy metal contamination of water, particularly from lead (Pb2+) poses environmental and health threats. Lead exposure can cause significant neurological and developmental issues, highlighting the urgent need for effective remediation strategies to protect environment. Carbon-clay monolith was synthesized by mixing 80% candlenut shell-derived carbon with 20% clay, molded in a stainless steel molder (2 cm diameter, 2 cm height, 7 holes), and air-dried for 48 hours. Adsorption experiments utilized the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Box-Behnken design, testing lead concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 ppm over contact times of 30 to 150 minutes, with MnO2 variations of 0%, 2.5%, and 5%. Characterization through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed changes in Si-O, OH, C-O, and C-C bonds. The surface particle size of the adsorbent ranged from 21 ± 5 μm to 46 ± 5 μm. Maximum lead ion removal efficiency reached 94.615% at a contact time of 120 minutes and 5% MnO2 concentration. This study shows the potential of agricultural waste-derived carbon as an effective adsorbent for lead removal, with MnO2 enhancing adsorption efficiency and supporting eco-friendly wastewater treatment solutions. © 2026 Author(s)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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