M. Rifqi Rokhman, Bustanul Arifin, Zulkarnain Zulkarnain, Satibi Satibi, Dyah Aryani Perwitasari, Cornelis Boersma, Maarten J. Postma, Jurjen van der Schans
A diabetes risk score cannot directly be translated and applied in different populations, and its performance should be evaluated in the target population. This study aimed to translate the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) instrument and compare its performance with the modified version for detecting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycaemia among the Indonesian adult population. Forward and backward translations were performed and followed by cultural adaptation. In total, 1,403 participants were recruited. The FINDRISC-Bahasa Indonesia (FINDRISC-BI) was scored according to the original FINDRISC instrument, while a Modified FINDRISC-BI was analyzed using a specific body mass index and waist circumference classification for Indonesians. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and the optimal cut-offs of both instruments were estimated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting undiagnosed T2DM was 0.73 (0.67–0.78) for the FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.0%; specificity = 67.3%) and 0.72 (0.67–0.78) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥11 (sensitivity = 59.8%; specificity = 74.9%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting dysglycaemia was 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score of ≥8 (sensitivity = 66.4%; specificity = 67.0%), and 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.8%; specificity = 67.6%). The Indonesian version of the FINDRISC instrument has acceptable diagnostic accuracy for screening people with undiagnosed T2DM or dysglycaemia in Indonesia. Modifying the body mass index and waist circumference classifications in the Modified FINDRISC-BI results in a similar diagnostic accuracy; however, the Modified FINDRISC-BI has a higher optimal cut-off point than the FINDRISC-BI. People with an above optimal cut-off score are suggested to take a further blood glucose test. © 2022 Rokhman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Science in Healthy Ageing & HealthcaRE (SHARE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics (PTE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Thyroid Center, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Management Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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