Brittney S. Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M. Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A. Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S. Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A. Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C. Cowie, Garland T. Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G. Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M. Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M. Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C. Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G. Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S. Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, S.M. Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I. Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R. Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y. Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K. Tesfaye Kanko, Rami S. Kantar, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Phillip M. Kemp Bohan, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Gulfaraz Khan, Imteyaz A. Khan, Junaid Khan, Moien A.B. Khan, Javad Khanali, Amir M. Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Mahmoud Khodadost, Abdullah T. Khoja, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, G. Anil Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Jeffrey V. 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Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Zuhair S. Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Chimedsuren Ochir, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T. Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K. Patel, Uttam Paudel, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G. Pollok, Maarten J. Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Pavan Manibettu Raghuram, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Aashish Rajesh, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R. Rao, Sowmya J. 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Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia; Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Institute for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Clinical Virology Unit, Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Gastroenterology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Deputy of Research and Technology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia; Department of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia; Transplant Service, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences "Deemed To Be University", Karad, India; Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Deppartment of Health informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospitalist Department, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Center of Excellence for Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Epidemiology Department, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Wollega University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Emergency Operating Center (EOC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India; Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia; Division of Pharmacy, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nutritional Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Radiological Imaging Technology, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Radiology Research Section, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Research and Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Dhaka, Tangail, Bangladesh; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Santa Clara, CA, United States; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Surgery Department, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea; Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health, Herrera, Panama; Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Medicine, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; Department of Prevention, USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; ODS and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States; Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Health, Polytechnic Institute, Porto, Portugal; Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health and Population, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil; Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Joint, Bone, Connective tissue, Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Health Economics Department, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Advisory Board, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria; Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch College of Health Science, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk, Poland; Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Karachi, Pakistan; Infectious Diseases Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department No 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbesa, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States; Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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