Rakesh Kumar, Cut Meurah Yeni, Niken Asri Utami, Rupali Masand, Rajesh Kumar Asrani, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Akshay Kumar, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Ruchi Tiwari, Senthilkumar Natesan, Kranti Suresh Vora, Firzan Nainu, Muhammad Bilal, Manish Dhawan, Talha Bin Emran, Tauseef Ahmad, Harapan Harapan, Kuldeep Dhama
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health problem. The SARS-CoV-2 triggers hyper-activation of inflammatory and immune responses resulting in cytokine storm and increased inflammatory responses on several organs like lungs, kidneys, intestine, and placenta. Although SARS-CoV-2 affects individuals of all age groups and physiological statuses, immune-compromised individuals such as pregnant women are considered as a highly vulnerable group. This review aims to raise the concerns of high risk of infection, morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in pregnant women and provides critical reviews of pathophysiology and pathobiology of how SARS-CoV-2 infection potentially increases the severity and fatality during pregnancy. This article also provides a discussion of current evidence on vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Lastly, guidelines on management, treatment, preventive, and mitigation strategies of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions such as delivery and breastfeeding are discussed. © 2021 The Author(s)
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, 24415, Indonesia; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medanta Hospital, Gurgaon, 122001, India; Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India; Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India; Institute of Health Research, University of Canberra, 2617, ACT, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India; The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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