Moh Abduh, Khairul Iqbal, Sulianto
This research is a correction of the empirical equation in previous research. It was aimed at minimising the difference between the final equation and the actual flow. The new parameter that appears is a correction based on validation of the results of the physical model analysis against the initial empirical equation. The final empirical model is influenced by the type of material, flowing flow, bend radius, pipe diameter, number of bend slices (n) and friction coefficient. Model accuracy test include NSE = –0.632 to +0.994, MAE = +0.021 to +1.699 and RMSE = +0.031 to +1.817. The optimum accuracy value achieved on curvature ratio (R/D) 2 up to 4. The best performance is achieved at the minimum resistance coefficient value, on curvature ratio (R/D) = 3 with a single slice and the curvature ratio (R/D) 3.5 with 2 to 5 slices. The result of the correction factor value of the resistance coefficient (v) = 1.3784 n0.2077 on curvature ratio (R/D) 2, v = 1.2996 n−0.296 on curvature ratio (R/D) 3 and v = 1.4095 n−0.357 on curvature ratio (R/D) 4. A lower value of the curvature ratio (R/D) and the smaller number of slices on bends (n), the greater vortex at the angle of changes in pipe direction. The vortex is a series of turbulence occurrences at the bend; turbulence symptoms are formed when the flow approaches the bend. © 2025, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java, Malang, 65144, Indonesia; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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