Siti Rani Ayuti, Sangsu Shin, Eun Joong Kim, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Mohammad Anam Al Arif, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Zulfi Nur Amrina Rosyada, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muslim Akmal, Mudhita Zikkrullah Ritonga, Rimayanti Rimayanti, Mira Delima
The skeletal muscle α-actin gene (ACTA1) plays a pivotal role in muscle contraction, structural integrity, and overall development of skeletal muscle tissue in livestock. This review explores the complex regulatory mechanisms of ACTA1 expression and its direct impact on meat quality, animal performance, and production efficiency. Nutritional inputs, environmental stressors, hormonal signaling, and genetic factors collectively influence ACTA1 activity at the transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels. High-protein diets rich in branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine, stimulate the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway and enhance ACTA1-mediated muscle growth. Similarly, micronutrients such as zinc and selenium function as antioxidants, stabilizing ACTA1 expression under oxidative stress conditions. The review also delves into the role of ACTA1 polymorphisms in modulating muscle fiber type composition, particularly the balance between type I and type II fibers, which significantly affects meat tenderness, fat content, and endurance capacity. Genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9-based genome editing provide promising avenues for optimizing ACTA1 expression in livestock breeding programs. Moreover, ACTA1 dysregulation or mutation is linked to several congenital myopathies, underscoring its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in veterinary pathology. Biotechnological interventions targeting ACTA1 expression present immense potential for improving muscle mass, carcass traits, and feed efficiency, thereby supporting global food security. Future strategies combining nutrigenomics, precision livestock farming, and artificial intelligence could enable tailored breeding and management approaches for sustainable meat production. Ethical and environmental considerations will be critical as gene editing technologies move toward wider application. In summary, ACTA1 represents a cornerstone of muscle physiology in livestock, and its integrative regulation across nutrition, genetics, and environment offers vast potential for advancing meat science, animal health, and agricultural productivity. Copyright: © Ayuti, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Doctoral Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No.4, Kopelma Darussalam, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, South Korea; Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, East Java, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, West Java, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No.4, Kopelma Darussalam, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No.4, Kopelma Darussalam, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, East Java, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No.4, Kopelma Darussalam, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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