Nurul Widiastuti, Reca Ardiyanti Rahman, Hadi Nugraha Cipta Dharma, Alvin Rahmad Widyanto, Cininta Nareswari, Victor Kayadoe, Yanuardi Raharjo, Saiful, Mikihiro Nomura
Conventional dialysate recycling methods struggle to effectively remove creatinine, urea, and other minor contaminants. This study explores mixed matrix membrane adsorbers (MMMAs) as a novel approach to address these challenges. MMMAs, which integrate adsorbents into filtration membranes, function as both filters and impurity scavengers. Zeolite carbon composite (ZCC) and zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) were incorporated into MMMAs using the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique. Characterization by SEM and XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of ZCC and ZTC, retaining the zeolite-Y structure and amorphous nature, with notable differences in particle sizes (680 and 379 nm) and crystallite sizes (0.45 and 0.02 nm). FTIR revealed hydrogen bonding interactions between ZCC and PVP, absent in ZTC. SEM and AFM analyses of the membranes indicated increased hydrophilicity and porosity with ZCC, while ZTC reduced surface roughness. MMMAs significantly outperformed pristine membranes in removing urea and creatinine. The PPK-0.2 membrane achieved superior rejection rates (93.05 % for urea and 98.95 % for creatinine), attributed to microporous entrapment of ZTC and polymer matrix adsorption. In contrast, PPZ-0.2 showed lower rejection rates (84.24 % for urea and 85.79 % for creatinine), relying solely on physical adsorption. These findings highlight MMMAs, especially ZTC-based ones, as promising candidates for enhancing dialysate reuse efficiency. © 2024 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Keputih-Sukolilo, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Advanced Nanolithography Lab, Department of System Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan; Chemical Education Study Program, Faculty of Teaching and Education Sciences, University of Pattimura, Ambon, 97233, Indonesia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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