Mohammad Asad, Naheed Saba, Abdullah M. Asiri, M. Jawaid, Eti Indarti, W.D. Wanrosli
TEMPO-oxidize nanocellulose (TONC) suspension has been obtained from total chlorine free (TCF) oil palm empty-fruit-bunches (OPEFB) pulp using 4-acetamido-TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidin-1-oxyl) mediated oxidation with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide in water at 25 °C and pH 10. TONC suspension with varied content from 0.5 to 6% (w/w) reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer based nanocomposite films were prepared by the casting method. The structural interaction between the TONC and PVA was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the 4% (w/w) TONC content reinforced nanocomposite exhibited the highest tensile strength and modulus with an increase of 122% and 291% respectively, compared to PVA while the elongation at break decreased about 42.7%. Thermal stability of PVA based nanocomposite films was improved after incorporation of TONC. Incorporation of TONC in PVA film increases its crystallinity due to strongly linking between the hydroxyl groups of materials however considerable decreases beyond 2 wt% loading are observed. TONC incorporation beyond 2 wt% also reduces the melting temperature peaks and enthalpy of nanocomposite films. FT-IR spectra, NMR and SEM indicate that there is interaction between the TONC and PVA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Agricultural Product Technology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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