Siti Rani Ayuti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Mohammad Anam Al Arif, Eun Joong Kim, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Sangsu Shin, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Wasito Wasito, Andi Thafida Khalisa, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and transmitted primarily by Culicoides midges. The virus has at least 28 known serotypes and several emerging strains, with its distribution expanding beyond traditional endemic zones due to climate change and global trade. This review summarizes recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterization, diagnostics, vaccines, and control of BT, with an emphasis on its implications within the One Health framework. A comprehensive literature search covering studies from 2000 to 2025 revealed significant outbreaks in Europe (2024-2025) involving BTV-3 and BTV-12, as well as the emergence of novel serotypes in Asia and Africa. Global economic losses exceed USD 3 billion annually due to mortality, production losses, and trade restrictions. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing, and rapid field assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based platforms, have improved surveillance and serotype identification. Although vaccination remains the cornerstone of BT control, current live and inactivated vaccines are limited by serotype specificity and reassortment risks, highlighting the need for new-generation virus-like particle, recombinant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Persistent challenges include the absence of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals -compatible polyvalent vaccines, incomplete knowledge of wildlife reservoirs, and uneven surveillance capacities worldwide. Strengthening integrated vector management, genomic monitoring, and climate-informed control strategies through a coordinated One Health approach will be vital to reduce the global burden of bluetongue. © Ayuti, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, East Java, Surabaya, Indonesia; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, East Java, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, South Korea; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, West Java, Bogor, Indonesia; Faculty of Military Pharmacy, Universitas Pertahanan, West Java, Bogor, Indonesia
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